vascular tissues through cytokine secretion. Mesenchymal stem cells are usually
found in a variety of adult tissue such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, or umbilical
cords. Mesenchymal cells also has low risk of forming tumors compared to
pluripotent cells and has a low risk of being rejected due to being capable of immune
suppression. Despite that, mesenchymal cells from adult sources are rather difficult to
extract and cultivate due to its very limited lifespan. (Jung, Bauer, and Norta, 2012)
Pluripotent cells naturally can be found in the form of embryonic stem cells.
Being pluripotent, it has very wide uses and can virtually replicate every type of adult
tissue. However, these type of stem cells also have a high chance of forming tumors and
cancer, and thus differentiating these cells in vitro will prove a challenge for scientists.
Additionally, embryonic stem cells have a higher chance of rejection, though still
quite low, when introduced to the body, being foreign material. (Jung, Bauer, and Norta,
2012) Embryonic stem cell usage has also become an ethical issue in
several
countries such as the United States and also is banned in European countries and
Indonesia itself. (Jung, Bauer, and Norta, 2012; Lo and Parham, 2009; Nielen, de Vries,
and Geijsen, 2013; Utomo, 2012) Scientists have succeeded in developing a new type
of pluripotent stem cell. These cells are derived from adult somatic cells, commonly
from fibroblasts, by encoding specific transcription factors to induce pluripotency.
These stem cells are called induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC). (De Los Angeles,
Ferrari, Xi, Fujiwara, Benvenisty, Deng and Daley, 2015; Yamanaka, 2009) These
cells remedy all ethical issues related to embryonic stem cells, other than in
European countries due to a certain law existing. (Nielen, de Vries, and Geijsen, 2013)
It also has a lower chance of rejection when introduced to the patient as usually the cells
are extracted from the patient him or herself. However, technology to produce such
cells is still relatively new. (Yamanaka, 2009)
3D organ Modelling
3D printing is a method by which a digital file is used to produce a three
dimensional, graspable object. This process has been developed before the 21st
century and continued developed since. The result of 3D printing is so sophisticated
that it can show details in high resolution providing many advantages for many fields.
Companies willing to produce highly detailed product can rely on this technology for
their business. This technology can also be used in many other fields such as
architecture, arts, medicine, etc.