A decellularization protocol generally begins with lysis of the cell membrane
using physical treatments or ionic solutions, followed by separation of cellular
components from the ECM using enzymatic treatments, solubilization of cytoplasmic and
nuclear cellular components using detergents, and finally removal of cellular debris from
the tissue. These steps can be coupled with mechanical agitation to increase their
effectiveness. Following decellularization, all residual chemicals must be removed to
avoid an adverse host tissue response to the chemical. The mechanisms of physical,
enzymatic, and chemical decellularization for a whole organ are reviewed in Table 1.
The latest breakthrough for human heart construction is using induced pluripotent
stem cells (iPSCs) for recelluleriz ][ۈ
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