The major obstacle for heart engineering requires a resource of heart cells, such
as CMs (cardiomyocytes), SMCs (smooth muscle cells), Ecs (endothelial cells ), CFs
(cardiac fibroblasts) and a 3D heart scaffold that allows the seeded cells to attach,
assemble, synchronize, and form 3D structures. Currently, a variety of synthetic matrices
and natural-derived biomatrices have been developed and widely utilized for tissue
engineering (Jakab et al., 2015). However, such matrices normally have a uniform
composition [