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Annex 1. Applications for AFM ®
Application |
Water source |
Advantages |
Municipal Wastewater |
|
|
• Municipal wastewater
Tertiary treatment after activated sludge.
• Will more easily comply with discharge legislation
• Product water of a higher quality more suitable for second use applications
• No chlorine or less required when the water is used for class 1 irrigation
• Return in capital from revenue is always under 2 years and often under 1 year.
Process Wastewater
• Textiles
• Leather
• Oil in water
• Food washing
• Cooling towers
• Steel process water
Drinking water & Clean water
• Drinking water o Ground water o Surface water
• Process feed water
• Drinks industries
• Food processing
• Pharmaceuticals
• Hospitals feed water & dialysis recycle
• Electronics,
• Boiler feed Pre-treatment prior to membrane desalination
Marine and brackish water
• Drinking water
• Drinks industry
Aquaculture & Aquaria
• Aquaculture
• Aquaria
The wastewater will be from a variety of sources. AFM ® is usually used as part of the water treatment process located after activated sludge or MBR membrane bio-reactors.
Ground water
Surface water
Municipal |
drinking |
water |
supplies |
|
|
Ultrapure water, pre-treatment. Water from a variety of sources
Seawater, brackish water or ground water with a high TDS.
Water supply for reverse osmosis
Textiles. AFM ® applied after the fluidised bed bio filtration or MBR. Advanced coagulation and flocculation systems have been developed and optimised for AFM ® to remove dyes and facilitate recirculation of the water.
Leather. The industry generation a hexavalent chromium wastewater, with prereduction of the water and conversion of Cr5 + to Cr3 + gives good performance with AFM ®
Oil in water. AFM ® can filter oil in water up to 100mg / l and remove > 99 % of the oil in a sustainable manner. Higher concentrations require an alginate flocculent. Permits AFM ® to be used up to 2000mg / l and achieve > 99 % removal.
AFM ® offers a continuous and sustainable solution for the removal of metals and metaloids, such as ferric, manganese and arsenic to a concentration in accordance to the European directive and WHO Will remove 100 times more sub 5 micron solids from the water than sand. Not subject to biofouling and transient wormhole channelling. High security against the passage of copepods, oocycsts and other parasites. Perfect for removing cyanobacteria, diatoms and most freshwater phytoplankton as well as zooplankton without any blockage issues. AFM ® is used to treat municipal water prior to use in Hospitals, and food industries to minimise the risk from Pseudomonas. Already used in hospitals in the UK and Asia. Example, Belfast maternity hospital when tragically several babies succumbed from Pseudomonas, problem solved with AFM ® Ultrapure water treatment usually involves a 3-stage process. 1. sand filtration, 2. Carbon filtration, 3. one micron cartridge filtration. AFM ® can replace all three stages as a single one-pass stage prior to the reverse osmosis membranes. Water flow is usually under 10m / hr velocity
One of the problems with membrane filtration is fouling from the coagulants and flocculants. The use of grade 0 AFM ® gives a very high performance and negates the need to use chemicals. If coagulants and flocculants are used, then grade 1 AFM ® is applied. AFM ® does not coagulate, or allow channelling so as long as the chemicals are dosed properly in accordance to turbidity they will never reach the membranes. System performance is superior to UF because AFM ® grade 1 with controlled flocculation will give nominal filtration better than 0.1 microns and will remove chemicals from solution such as soluble reactive silica, phosphate and dissolved organics that would otherwise foul the membranes Aquaculture and Aquaria, require the best possible water quality. AFM ® provides at least double the performance of sand and reduces the viral parasitic and bacteria risk.
AFM ® will physical remove all parasites from the influent water, such as crypto carryon, amoeba and even fungal spores
Swimming pools & Water features
• Swimming pools
• Fountains
• Water features
Recycled water around a process. This is one of the main applications for AFM ® with over 100,000 systems currently running in Europe.
Swimming pools, water features fountains and marine mammal systems can use AFM ® as part of the DAISY system( Dryden Aqua Integrated System). DAISY provides the ultimate in water treatment with a visibility through the water more than 25m and turbidity usually less than 0.1NTU.
Water features, AFM ® provides a much better quality and reduces the nutrient load and bacterial cell biomass as measure by ATP in the circuit. The result is reduced cost, reduced corrosion and lower risk from Legionella.