Page 40 of 50
194. Englert H, Small-McMahon J, Davis K, O’ Connor H, Chambers P, Brooks P. Male systemic sclerosis and occupational silica exposure-a population-based study. Aust N Z J Med. 2000; 30( 2): 215-220. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1445-5994.2000. tb00810. x
195. Gómez-Puerta JA, Gedmintas L, Costenbader KH. The Association between Silica Exposure and Development of ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2013; 12( 12): 1129-1135. doi: 10.1016 / j. autrev. 2013.06.016
196. Cavalin C, Lescoat A, Sigaux J, et al. Crystalline silica exposure in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic sclerosis: a nationwide cross-sectional survey. Rheumatology( Oxford). 2023; 62( 8): 2707-2715. doi: 10.1093 / rheumatology / keac675
197. Morin L, Zimmermann F, Lelong M, et al. Pulmonary and systemic effects of inhaled crystalline silica in the HOCl-induced mouse model of systemic sclerosis: An experimental model of Erasmus syndrome. Clin Immunol. 2025; 271:110423. doi: 10.1016 / j. clim. 2024.110423
198. Boudigaard SH, Schlünssen V, Vestergaard JM, et al. Occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica and risk of autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a nationwide cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 2021; 50( 4): 1213-1226. doi: 10.1093 / ije / dyaa287
199. Marrocco A, Ortiz LA. Role of metabolic reprogramming in pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion from LPS or silica-activated macrophages. Front Immunol. 2022; 13. doi: 10.3389 / fimmu. 2022.936167
200. González Fernández C, Ros Lucas JA, Molina Molina M, et al. Autoimmune findings in patients with silicosis in Spain. Drugs Context. 2024; 13:2023-11-1. doi: 10.7573 / dic. 2023-11-1
201. Ghahramani N. Silica nephropathy. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2010; 1( 3): 108-115.
202. Vupputuri S, Parks CG, Nylander-French LA, Owen-Smith A, Hogan SL, Sandler DP. Occupational silica exposure and chronic kidney disease. Ren Fail. 2012; 34( 1): 40-46. doi: 10.3109 / 0886022X. 2011.623496
203. Steenland K. Pooled Analyses of Renal Disease Mortality and Crystalline Silica Exposure in Three Cohorts. Annals of Occupational Hygiene. Published online January 1, 2002. doi: 10.1093 / ANNHYG / 46. SUPPL _ 1.4
204. Möhner M, Pohrt A, Gellissen J. Occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica and chronic non-malignant renal disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2017; 90( 7): 555-574. doi: 10.1007 / s00420-017-1219-x
Figure 1. A. Quartile distribution of cases of silicosis attributed to artificial stone globally as of December 2025, by country. Circles are scaled to show the relative size of each country’ s case counts. See Table 1 for supporting references. B. Cumulative number of cases of silicosis attributed to artificial stone in five locations, by year. Yearly counts provided by Ryan Hoy( Australia) and Ling Mao( Shanghai, China); see Table 1 for supporting references for other locations.
Downloaded from academic. oup. com / annalsats / advance-article / doi / 10.1093 / annalsats / aaoag176 / 8719399 by guest on 10 November 2026
Figure 2. Occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica dust during artificial stone fabrication.( A) Pictorial representation of 50 µ g of dust on a U. S. penny within 1 cubic meter, which is the occupational exposure limit in the U. S. and Australia of 50 µ g / m ³. Employers are required to maintain respirable crystalline