American Patriot January 2014 | Page 3

defense, resistance to oppression, and the civic duty to act in concert in defense of the state.[2]

In United States v. Cruikshank (1876), the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that, "The right to bear arms is not granted by the Constitution; neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence" and limited the applicability of the Second Amendment to the federal government.[3] In United States v. Miller (1939), the Supreme Court ruled that the federal government and the states could limit any weapon types not having a “reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia”.[4][5]

In the twenty-first century, the amendment has been subjected to renewed academic inquiry and judicial interest.[5] In District of Columbia v. Heller (2008), the Supreme Court handed down a landmark decision, expressly holding that the amendment protects an individual right to possess and carry firearms.[6][7] In McDonald v. Chicago (2010), the Court clarified its earlier decisions limiting the amendment's impact to a restriction on the federal government, expressly holding that the Fourteenth Amendment applies the Second Amendment to state and local governments to the same extent that the Second Amendment applies to the federal government.[8] Despite these decisions, the debate between the gun control and gun rights movements and related organizations continues.

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American Patriot/January, 2014