1
“ Overdose Deaths Decline, Fentanyl Threat Looms,” United States Drug Enforcement Administration, https:// www. dea. gov / pressreleases / 2024 / 12 / 16 / overdose-deaths-decline-fentanyl-threat-looms
2
“ CDC Reports Nearly 24 % Decline in U. S. Drug Overdose Deaths,” CDC Newsroom, February 25, 2025, https:// www. cdc. gov / media / releases / 2025 / 2025-cdc-reports-decline-in-us-drug-overdose-deaths. html
3
“ Opioid- and Stimulant-related Harms in Canada,” Government of Canada, June 2025, https:// health-infobase. canada. ca / substancerelated-harms / opioids-stimulants /
4
“ FinCEN Issues Analysis of Fentanyl-Related Threat Patterns and Trends in Bank Secrecy Act Reports,” Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, April 9, 2025, https:// www. fincen. gov / news / news-releases / fincen-issues-analysis-fentanyl-related-threat-patterns-and-trendsbank-secrecy
5
Ibid.
6
Ibid.
7
“ FINTRAC publishes money laundering indicators aimed at combating fentanyl and other illegal synthetic opioids,” Government of Canada, January 23, 2025, https:// fintrac-canafe. canada. ca / new-neuf / nr / 2025-01-23-eng
8
“ New Frontiers: The Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence to Facilitate Trafficking in Persons,” Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, November 2024, https:// www. osce. org / files / f / documents / 7 / d / 579715. pdf
9
“ FinCEN Issues Analysis of Fentanyl-Related Threat Patterns and Trends in Bank Secrecy Act Reports,” Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, April 9, 2025, https:// www. fincen. gov / news / news-releases / fincen-issues-analysis-fentanyl-related-threat-patterns-and-trendsbank-secrecy
10
“ Money Laundering from Fentanyl and Synthetic Opioids,” Financial Action Task Force, November 2022, https:// www. fatf-gafi. org / en / publications / Methodsandtrends / Money-laundering-fentanyl-syntheticopioids. html
11
“ FinCEN Issues Analysis of Fentanyl-Related Threat Patterns and Trends in Bank Secrecy Act Reports,” Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, April 9, 2025, https:// www. fincen. gov / news / news-releases / fincen-issues-analysis-fentanyl-related-threat-patterns-and-trendsbank-secrecy
12
“ Buyer Beware: Bad Actors Exploit De Minimis Shipments,” U. S. Customs and Border Protection, May 21, 2025, https:// www. cbp. gov / frontline / buyer-beware-bad-actors-exploit-de-minimis-shipments
13
“ FinCEN Issues Analysis of Fentanyl-Related Threat Patterns and Trends in Bank Secrecy Act Reports,” Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, April 9, 2025, https:// www. fincen. gov / news / news-releases / fincen-issues-analysis-fentanyl-related-threat-patterns-and-trendsbank-secrecy.
14
“ Money Laundering from Fentanyl and Synthetic Opioids,” Financial Action Task Force, November 30, 2022, https:// www. fatf-gafi. org / en / publications / Methodsandtrends / Money-laundering-fentanyl-syntheticopioids. html
15
“ FinCEN Issues Analysis of Fentanyl-Related Threat Patterns and Trends in Bank Secrecy Act Reports,” Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, April 9, 2025, https:// www. fincen. gov / news / news-releases / fincen-issues-analysis-fentanyl-related-threat-patterns-and-trendsbank-secrecy
16
“ New Frontiers: The Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence to Facilitate Trafficking in Persons,” Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, November 2024, https:// www. osce. org / files / f / documents / 7 / d / 579715. pdf
17
“ UNODC global human trafficking report: Detected victims up 25 per cent as more children are exploited and forced labour cases spike,” United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, December 11, 2024, https:// www. unodc. org / unodc / en / press / releases / 2024 / December / unodcglobal-human-trafficking-report _-detected-victims-up-25-per-cent-asmore-children-are-exploited-and-forced-labour-cases-spike. html
18
“ FinCEN Reminds Financial Institutions to Remain Vigilant to Suspicious Transactions Associated with Synthetic Opioids,” Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, August 26, 2024, https:// www. fincen. gov / news / news-releases / fincen-reminds-financial-institutions-remain-vigilantsuspicious-transactions
19
“ Supplemental Advisory on the Procurement of Precursor Chemicals and Manufacturing Equipment Used for the Synthesis of Illicit Fentanyl and Other Synthetic Opioids,” Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, June 20, 2024, https:// www. fincen. gov / sites / default / files / advisory / 2024-06-20 / FinCEN-Supplemental-Advisory-on-Fentanyl-508C. pdf
20
“ FinCEN Reminds Financial Institutions to Remain Vigilant to Suspicious Transactions Associated with Synthetic Opioids,” Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, August 26, 2024, https:// www. fincen. gov / news / news-releases / fincen-reminds-financial-institutions-remain-vigilantsuspicious-transactions
21
“ FinCEN Issues Analysis of Fentanyl-Related Threat Patterns and Trends in Bank Secrecy Act Reports,” Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, April 9, 2025, https:// www. fincen. gov / news / news-releases / fincen-issues-analysis-fentanyl-related-threat-patterns-and-trendsbank-secrecy
22
“ Readout: FinCEN Joins Trilateral North America Drug Dialogue Workshop to Address Money Laundering Associated with Drug Trafficking,” Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, June 15, 2023, https:// www. fincen. gov / news / news-releases / readout-fincen-joinstrilateral-north-america-drug-dialogue-workshop-address
23
“ Readout: FinCEN and Partner FIU Officials Meet in Canada for International Public-Private Partnership Events on Illicit Finance,” Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, October 25, 2024, https:// www. fincen. gov / news / news-releases / readout-fincen-and-partner-fiu-officialsmeet-canada-international-public
24
“ FINTRAC publishes money laundering indicators aimed at combating fentanyl and other illegal synthetic opioids,” Government of Canada, January 23, 2025, https:// fintrac-canafe. canada. ca / new-neuf / nr / 2025-01-23-eng
25
“ Government launches new intelligence sharing partnership focused on fentanyl trafficking and other criminal use of funds,” Government of Canada, February 20, 2025, https:// www. canada. ca / en / departmentfinance / news / 2025 / 02 / government-launches-new-intelligencesharing-partnership-focused-on-fentanyl-trafficking-and-othercriminal-use-of-funds. html
26
Ibid.
27
“ FinCEN Issues Analysis of Fentanyl-Related Threat Patterns and Trends in Bank Secrecy Act Reports,” Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, April 9, 2025, https:// www. fincen. gov / news / news-releases / fincen-issues-analysis-fentanyl-related-threat-patterns-and-trendsbank-secrecy
28
“ New Frontiers: The Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence to Facilitate Trafficking in Persons,” Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, November 2024, https:// www. osce. org / files / f / documents / 7 / d / 579715. pdf
29
“ FinCEN Issues Analysis of Fentanyl-Related Threat Patterns and Trends in Bank Secrecy Act Reports,” Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, April 9, 2025, https:// www. fincen. gov / news / news-releases / fincen-issues-analysis-fentanyl-related-threat-patterns-and-trendsbank-secrecy
30
“ Government launches new intelligence sharing partnership focused on fentanyl trafficking and other criminal use of funds,” Government of Canada, February 20, 2025, https:// www. canada. ca / en / departmentfinance / news / 2025 / 02 / government-launches-new-intelligencesharing-partnership-focused-on-fentanyl-trafficking-and-othercriminal-use-of-funds. html
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