GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRIME REVIEW
1
“ Syria seizes hummus bowls made out of crushed Captagon pills ,” Al Jazeera , September 6 , 2022 , https :// www . aljazeera . com / news / 2022 / 9 / 6 / syria-seizes-hummus-bowls-made-out-of-captagon
2
Caroline Rose and Alexander Söderholm , “ The Captagon Threat : A Profile of Illicit Trade , Consumption , and Regional Realities ,” Newlines Institute , April 5 , 2022 , https :// newlinesinstitute . org / terrorism / the-captagon-threat-aprofile-of-illicit-trade-consumption-and-regional-realities /
3
Foreign , Commonwealth & Development Office and Lord Ahmad of Wimbledon , “ Tackling the illicit drug trade fuelling Assad ’ s war machine ,” Gov . uk , March 28 , 2023 , https :// www . gov . uk / government / news / tackling-the-illicit-drug-trade-fuellingassads-war-machine
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“ Fenethylline ,” PubChem ( National Library of Medicine ), https :// pubchem . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / compound / fenethylline # section = Drug-and-Medication-Information
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“ Syria has become a narco-state ,” The Economist , July 19 , 2021 , https :// www . economist . com / middle-east-andafrica / 2021 / 07 / 19 / syria-has-become-a-narco-state
6
John Fernandez , “ The DEA ’ s Targeting of Hezbollah ’ s Global Criminal Support Network ” Washington Institute , January 10 , 2020 , https :// www . washingtoninstitute . org / policy-analysis / deas-targeting-hezbollahs-global-criminal-support-network
7
Emir Nader , “ Syria : New Captagon drug trade link to top officials found ,” BBC , June 27 , 2023 , https :// www . bbc . co . uk / news / world-middle-east-66002450
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Ben Hubbard and Hwaida Saad , “ On Syria ’ s Ruins , a Drug Empire Flourishes ,” The New York Times , December 5 , 2021 , https :// www . nytimes . com / 2021 / 12 / 05 / world / middleeast / syria-drugs-captagon-assad . html
9
Taim Alhajj , “ The Al-Assad Regime ’ s Captagon Trade ,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , October 6 , 2022 , https :// carnegieendowment . org / sada / 88109
10
Mostafa Salem , “ Saudi Arabia seizes record 47 million amphetamine pills hidden in flour shipment ,” CNN , September 1 , 2022 , https :// edition . cnn . com / 2022 / 09 / 01 / middleeast / saudi-arabia-amphetamine-intl-scli / index . html
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Lorenzo Tondo , “ Italian police seize € 1bn amphetamine haul from Syria ,” The Guardian , July 1 , 2020 , https :// www . theguardian . com / world / 2020 / jul / 01 / italian-police-seize-1bn-amphetamine-haul-from-syria
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James E . Baldwin , “ How a ‘ Jihadi drug ’ resurrected war-torn Syria as a narco-state ,” The Telegraph , July 31 , 2023 , https :// www . telegraph . co . uk / global-health / terror-and-security / syria-drug-captagon-manufacturing-dealing-trafficking-assad /; Paul Wood , “ How Syria became the world ’ s most profitable narco state ,” The Spectator , November 19 , 2022 , https :// www . spectator . co . uk / article / how-syria-became-the-worlds-most-profitable-narco-state /; “ IntelBrief : Syria Emerging as Major Narco-State ,” The Soufan Center , April 13 , 2023 , https :// thesoufancenter . org / intelbrief-2023-april-13 /; Celine Alkhaldi , “ A little-known drug brought billions to Syria ’ s coffers . Now it ’ s a bargaining chip ,” CNN , April 11 , 2023 , https :// edition . cnn . com / 2023 / 04 / 10 / middleeast / syria-drugs-bargaining-chip-mime-intl / index . html ; “ Syria has become a narco-state ,” The Economist , July 19 , 2021 , https :// www . economist . com / middle-east-and-africa / 2021 / 07 / 19 / syria-has-become-a-narcostate ; Martin Chulov , “ A dirty business ’: how one drug is turning Syria into a narco-state ,” The Guardian , May 7 , 2021 , https :// www . theguardian . com / world / 2021 / may / 07 / drug-captagon-turning-syria-into-narco-state
13
“ Syria : EU sanctions drug trade benefitting the regime ,” European Council , Council of the European Union , April 24 , 2023 , https :// www . consilium . europa . eu / en / press / press-releases / 2023 / 04 / 24 / syria-eu-sanctions-drug-trade-benefitting-theregime /; “ Tackling the illicit drug trade fuelling Assad ’ s war machine ,” Gov . uk , March 28 , 2023 , https :// www . gov . uk / government / news / tackling-the-illicit-drug-trade-fuelling-assads-war-machine ; “ Treasury Sanctions Syrian Regime and Lebanese Actors Involved in Illicit Drug Production and Trafficking ,” U . S . Department of the Treasury , March 28 , 2023 , https :// home . treasury . gov / news / press-releases / jy1369
14
“ S . 1605 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022 ,” U . S . Congress , May 13 , 2021 , https :// www . congress . gov / bill / 117th-congress / senate-bill / 1605 / text
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“ Report to Congress on A Written Strategy to Disrupt and Dismantle Narcotics Production and Trafficking and Affiliated Networks Linked to the Regime of Bashar al-Assad in Syria Sec . 1238 ( c ) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 , P . L . 117-263 ,” U . S . Department of State , June 29 , 2023 , https :// www . state . gov / report-to-congress-on-a-written-strategyto-disrupt-and-dismantle-narcotics-production-and-trafficking-and-affiliated-networks /
16
Ibid .
17
“ FIN-2019-A006 : Advisory to Financial Institutions on Illicit Financial Schemes and Methods Related to the Trafficking of Fentanyl and Other Synthetic Opioids ,” Financial Crimes Enforcement Network , August 21 , 2019 , https :// www . fincen . gov / sites / default / files / advisory / 2019-08-21 / Fentanyl % 20Advisory % 20FINAL % 20508 . pdf
18
Ibid .
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Maya Gebeily , “ Arabs bring Syria ’ s Assad back into fold but want action on drugs trade ,” Reuters , May 10 , 2023 , https :// www . reuters . com / world / middle-east / arabs-bring-syrias-assad-back-into-fold-want-action-drugs-trade-2023-05-09 /
106 acamstoday . org