2021 ] CARBON CAPTURE , UTILIZATION , AND SEQUESTRATION 57
These findings support the potential for new synergies , partnership , and consolidation among energy infrastructure companies . The figure below shows a number of potential formations suitable for deep saline sequestration in the United States . 64
4 . Review of Select CO 2 Infrastructure
Recent statistics indicate there are at least fifty CO 2 transportation pipelines in the United States comprising 4,500 miles of pipeline . 65 The three largest CO 2 pipelines converge at the Denver City CO 2 hub where the CO 2 is subsequently delivered to purchasers through a smaller network of pipelines for various industrial uses . 66 As of 2015 , 80 % of the CO 2 utilized in EOR operations were from naturally-occurring sources . 67 However , experts have cited depletion , scarcity , and remoteness of source fields as constraining factors for large scale investment of CO 2 EOR . 68 A 2015 Department of Energy study indicated the existing pipeline system could serve as the “ building block for linking the capture of CO 2 from industrial [ sources ] with its productive use in oilfields ( with CO 2 enhanced oil recovery [ CO 2 -EOR]) and its safe storage in saline formations .” 69 The study also indicated an additional 600 miles of high-volume CO 2 pipeline were in planning and development stages at the time of its publication . 70
The methods discussed above are not only examples of successful implementation of CCUS technology but also examples of the potential synergies that can be realized amongst energy infrastructure companies . These CCUS
64 . Karine Boissy-Rousseau , President , Hydrogen Energy & Mobility , Air Liquide North America , Air Liquide Presentation : H 2 Energy At the heart of the energy transition ( June 15 , 2020 ) ( presentation slides on file with author ). 65 . Wallace et al ., supra note 7 , at 3 . 66 . Id . at 2 . 67 . Id . 68 . MELZER , supra note 35 , at 6 . 69 . Wallace et al ., supra note 7 , at 2 . 70 . Id .