Rajash Rawal and Paul Nixon
manipulation becomes more widespread we can expect to see this as an increasingly popular form of political comment, particularly among the young who are increasingly more visually literate.
References
Allport, G. W, & Postman, L.( 1946). An Analysis of Rumor. Public Opinion Quarterly, 10, 501‐517. Berinsky, A.( 2013, 02 14). Rumors, Truths and Reality: A Study of Political Misinformation. Retrieved from mit: web. mit. edu / berinsky / www / files / reumor. pdf Besnier, N.( 2009). Gossip and the Everyday Production of Politics. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. Brook, H.( 2011). The Revolution will be Digitised: Dispatches from the Information War. London: Heinemann. Campbell, D.( 2012, May 31). Dangers of Speed vs. Accuracy. USA Today. Houston, Texas, United States: USA Today. Castells, M.( 2007). Communication, Power and Counter‐Power in the Network Society. Journal of Communication, 1, 238‐
266. Chong, D., & Druckman, J. N.( 2007). A Theory of Framing and Opinion Formation in the Competitive Elite Environments.
Journal of Communication, 57( 1), 99‐118. Combs, J. E.( 1984). Polpop: Politics and Popular Culture in America. Washington: Bowling Greeen University Press. Dutton, W. H.( 2009). The Fifth Estate: Democratic Social Accountability through the Emerging Network of Networks. In P.
G. Nixon, V. Koutrakou, & R. Rawal, Understanding E‐Government in Europe( Vol. 27, pp. 3‐18). London: Routledge. Gilligan, J.( 2013). Why some Politicians are More Dangerous than Others. New York: Polity Press. Guardian.( 2012, 11 6). China Cracks down on Microblogging Rumours that are ' worse than cocaine '. The Guardian. Halperin, M.( 2006, 01 10). ABC News. Retrieved 02 04, 2013, from abcnews. com: www. abcnews. com Harris, P.( 2009, 09 02). US election: Storm as Oprah says no to Palin interview. Retrieved 01 24, 2010, from The Guardian: www. guardian. co. uk Hendriks, F.( 2009). Contextualising the Dutch Drop in Political Trust: Connecting Underlying Factors. Retrieved 2 11, 2013, from Interational Review of Administrative Sciences: wrno. uvt. nl / show. cgi? fid = 107483 Hetherington, M.( 1996). The Media ' s Role in Forming Voters ' National Economic Evaluations in 1992. American Journal of
Politcal Science, 40( 2), 372‐395. Kayyem, J.( 2012, 12 17). Conflicting Facts about Newtown Shootings were really unverified rumours. The Angle. Miles, M.( 2013). Are you Kidding? Why Partisans Believe the Unbelivable. Retrieved 2 12, 2013, from people. ku. edu / mrm32 / index _ files / AYK. 4. pdf. Nixon, P.( 2010). Ministry of Truth? Perceptions of Trust in e‐Government. In P. K. Nixon, Understanding e‐Government in
Europe. Basingstoke: Routledge. Obama, B.( 2013, Feb 13). Facebook / Barack Obama. Retrieved Feb 13, 2013, from Facebook: www. facebook. com / barackobama Pan, Z, & Kosicki, G. M.( 1993). Framing Analysis: An Approach to News Discours. Political Communication, 10( 1), 55‐75. Rainee, L., & Smith, A.( 2012). Social Networking Sites and Politics. Retrieved 02 10, 2013, from Pew Internet: http:// www. pewinternet. org /~/ media // Files / Reports / 2012 / PIP _ SNS _ and _ politics. pdf Richardson, K., Parry, K., & Corner, J.( 2013). Political Culture and Media Genre: Beyond the News. Basingstoke: Palgrave
MacMillan. Shibutani, T.( 1966). Improvised News: A Socioligical Study of Rumour. Bobbs Merill. Sproull, L., & Arriaga, M.( 2007). Online Communities. In H. Bidgoli, Handbook of Computer Networks( Vol. 3). New York:
John Wiley. Stanyer, J.( 2007). Modern Political Communications: Mediated Politics In Uncertain Terms. Cambridge: Polity Press. Street, J.( 2001). Mass Media, Politics and Democracy. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Sunstein, C.( 2009). On Rumours: How Falsehoods Spread, Why We Believe Them, What Can be Done. New York: Penguin. Tryon, C.( 2008). Pop Politics: Online Parody Videos Intertextuality and Political Participation. Popular Communication, 6
( 4), 209‐213.
418