2. Analyzed experiences
Sébastien Martin et al.
We took into consideration data catalogues from Rennes in France and Berlin in Germany. We used the conclusions drawn by Fraunhofer( Both, 2012) which supported the creation of the Berlin platform. Analyses of services were only carried out for Rennes and the United Kingdom, since the Berlin initiative was recent.
Berlin is a good example of Open Data at the local level, with the advantage of showing the relationship between different administrative scales, the level of the city itself and the region( land). Berlin platform has served as a model and prototype for the whole Germany and even beyond since it is integrated in a European research project. It was also prepared with a prospective study by the Fraunhofer Institute to understand the data opening process since its early stages. The first datasets are progressively added to the portal, launched in September 2011.
Rennes, the administrative centre of the French region Bretagne, also provides an example of local Open Data. The city led the opening of its data in a broader approach to innovation based on digital technologies. Among the first initiatives in France, this is the first community to open a portal in 2010. It has set up an effective support for reuse with a reuse competition and has a rather dense network of re‐users.
The UK portal is open since January 2010 and centralizes data nationally. The British approach has resulted in the publication of reports and scientific articles. The British government has asked each department to publish its Open Data strategy of opening, each one being inserted into the overall strategy outlined in a White Paper 4. Data from the United Kingdom have also enabled the creation of a large number of services that can be analysed to understand how the data were reuse d.
These case studies were chosen because they are exemplary Open Data initiatives at different geographical levels and suggest paths to improve the data opening process and the creation of new services.
Figure 1: Ishikawa diagram summarising risks and barriers related to data opening
4 http:// data. gov. uk / library / open‐data‐white‐paper
302