The 9 + 1 EP elections 71
1979 and 1984 . The besieged citadel of European democracy and the Spinelli project 73
Pier Virgilio Dastoli
1989 . Voting and debating in momentous times 89 Enrique Barón Crespo
1994 and 1999 . The transformative years 99 Michael Shackleton and Alfredo De Feo
2004 and 2009 . From fundamental change to consolidation 119 Danuta Hübner
2014 . The lead candidate process 133 Sophia Russack and Ilke Toygür
2019 . Towards the future of Europe 143 Brando Benifei and Domènec Ruiz Devesa
Next elections . Stepping up democracy and the hopes of Europeans 155
Christelle Savall
Actions 165
Communicating democracy , promoting participation 167 Debora Righetti
Preserving the memories of the European Elections 173 Inês Nauwelaers