- 34 (2) 2022 | Page 47

F . Zeroual , K . Saidani , S . Righi , Violeta Elena Simion , A . Mellah , Soraya Kourtel , A . Benakhla
Romanian Journal of Veterinary Medicine & Pharmacology ned blood smears . However , the molecular diagnostic tools , despite their great sensitivity , are not of routine use in field conditions .
Prevention against this protozoan disease is based on 2 types of measures , vector control and the use of live attenuated vaccines . Indeed , vaccination using live attenuated parasites against tropical theileriosis currently represents one of the main practical methods of prevention against this parasitic disease .
The technical constraints regarding the use of live attenuated vaccines have motivated research towards the development of inactivated subunit vaccines . This orientation has made it possible to isolate and clone parasite antigens from the sporozoite , schizont and merozoite stages of T . annulata .
This line of research offers new hope for an innovative means of combating this disease , which is decimating livestock , especially of improved breeds .
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License .
References
1 . Mans BJ , Pienaar R , Latif AA . A review of Theileria diagnostics and epide-miology . Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl . 2015 ; 4 ( 1 ): 104 – 118 . 2 . Schreeg ME , Marr HS , Tarigo JL , et al . Mitochondrial genome sequences and structures aid in the resolution of Piroplasmida phylogeny . Plos One . 2016 ; 11 ( 11 ): e0165702 . 3 . Norval RAI , Perry BD , Young AS . The Epidemiology of Theileriosis in Africa . London , England : Academic Press ; 1992 . 4 . Garcia-Sanmartin , J ., Nagore , D ., Garcia-Perez , A . L ., Juste , R . A ., Hurtado , A ., 2006 . Molecular diagnosis of theileria and babesia species infecting cattle in northern spain using reverse line blot macroarrays . BMC Vet . Res . 2 , 16 . 5 . J M Gubbels , A P de Vos , M van der Weide , J Viseras , L M Schouls , E de Vries , F Jongejan . 1999 . Simultaneous detection of bovine Theileria and Babesia species by reverse line blot hybridization . J Clin Microbiol . Simultaneous detection of bovine Theileria and Babesia species by reverse line blot hybridization . PMID : 10325324 . PMCID : PMC84950 . 6 . Chaussepied , M ., Janski , N ., Baumgartner , M ., Lizundia , R ., Jensen , K ., Weir , W ., Shiels , B . R ., Weitzman , J . B ., Glass , E . J ., Werling , D ., Langsley , G ., 2010 . TGF-b2 induction regulates invasiveness of theileria transformed leukocytes and disease susceptibility . PLoS Pathog . 6 , e1001197 . 7 . O ’ Donoghue P . Haemoprotozoa : making biological sense of molecular phy-logenies . Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl . 2017 ; 6 ( 3 ): 241 – 256 . 8 . Zaeemi M , Haddadzadeh H , Khazraiinia P , Kazemi B . 2011 . Identification of different Theileria species ( Theileria lestoquardi , Theileria ovis , and Theileria annulata ) in naturally infected sheep using nested PCR-RFLP . Parasitol Res 2011 ; 2011 : 4 . 9 . Cordier G ., Menager J .: Huit années de prémunition antipiroplasmique en Tunisie . Ed . Service de l ’ élevage de Tunis . 1940 , page 31 . 10 . Onuma M , Kakuda T , Sugimoto C . Theileria parasite infectionin East Asia and control of the disease . Comp Immunol Mi-crobiol Infect Dis 1998 ; 21:165 – 177 . 11 . D ’ oliveira C , Vanderweide M , Habela MA , Jacquiet P , Jongejan F ( 1995 ) Detection of Theileria annulata in blood-samples of carrier cattle by PCR . J Clin Microbiol 33 : 2665 – 2669 . 12 . Barros SL , Madruga CR , Araujo FR , Menk CF , de Almeida MAO , et al . ( 2005 ) Serological survey of Babesia bovis , Babesia bigemina , and Anaplasma marginale antibodies in cattle from the semi-arid region of the state of Bahia , Brazil , by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays . Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 100 : 613 – 617 . 13 . M . Gharbi1 , M . Mhadhbi , M . A . Darghouth . 2012 . Diagnostic de la theilériose tropicale du bœuf ( infection par Theileria annulata ) en Afrique du Nord . Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire . 163 ( 12 ): 563 – 571 . 14 . Sergent E ., Donatien A ., Parrot L ., et Lestoquard F ., ( 1945 ). Etudes sur les Piroplasmoses bovines , Institut Pasteur d ’ Algérie , Alger . 816 p . 15 . Bouattour A ., Darghouth M . A ., Daoued A ., ( 1999 ). Distribution and ecology of ticks ( Acari , Ixodidae ) infesting livestock in Tunisia . An overview of results of 8 years field collection . Parassitologia , 41 , ( suppl . 1 ), 33-36 . 16 . Ziam H , Benaouf H ( 2004 ) Prevalence of blood parasites in cattle from wilayates of Annaba and El Tarf , East Algeria . Arch Inst Pasteur Tunis 81:27 – 30 . 17 . Rasulov , I ., Fish , L ., Shkap , V ., 2008 . Vaccination of cattle against tropical theileriosis in Uzbekistan using autochthonous live vaccine . Vaccine . 26 ( Suppl6 ), G14 – G16 . 18 . Darghouth , M . A ., 2008 . Review on the experience with live attenuated vaccines against tropical theileriosis in tunisia : considerations for the present and implications for the future . Vaccine . 26 ( Suppl6 ), G4 – G10 . DePalma , A ., 2005 . Cell and tissue culture media usage trends [ j / ol ]. Genet . Eng . News 25 ( 1 ), 32 – 34 . 19 . Yin , H ., Luo , J ., Lu , W ., 2008b . Control of tropical theileriosis with attenuated schizont vaccine in China . Vaccine . 26 ( Suppl6 ), G11 – G13 . 20 . Perera P . K ., Gasser R . B ., Anderson G . A ., Jeffers M ., Bell C . M ., Jabbar A ., 2013 . Epidemiological survey following oriental theileriosis outbreaks in Victoria , Australia , on selected cattle farms . Vet . Parasitol . 197 , 509 – 521 . Doi : 10.1016 / j . vetpar . 2013.06.023 . 21 . Weir W ., Karagenc T ., Gharbi M ., Simuunza M ., Aypak S ., Aysul N ., Darghouth M . A ., Shiels B ., Tait A ., 2011 . Population diversity and multiplicity of infection in Theileria annulata . Int . J . Parasitol , 41 : 193-203 . 22 . Robinson P . M . 1982 . Theileria annulata and its transmission-a review . Trop . Anita Hlth Prod . 14 , 3-12 . PMID : 6805112 . DOI : 10.1007 / BF02281092 . 23 . Dolan T . T ., 1989 . La theilériose : rapport de synthèse . Rev . Sci . tech . Off . Int . Epiz . 1989 , 8 ( 1 ), 37-57 . De Waal , D . T . 1992 . Equine piroplasmosis : a review . Brit . Vet . J . 148 : 6 – 14 . Cross ref CAS PubMed Web of Science Google Scholar . Mehlhorn , H . and E . Schein . 1998 . Redescription of Babesia equi Laveran , 1901 as Theileria equi Mehlhorn , Schein 1998 . Parasitol . Res . 84 : 467 – 475 . Crossref CAS PubMed Web of Science Google Scholar . Dunkel , B . 2018 . Disorders of the hematopoietic system , In : S . M . Reed , W . M . Bayly , and D . C . Sellon ( eds .), Equine Internal Medicine . Elsevier Health Sciences , St . Louis , MO . pp . 991 – 1028 . Crossref Google Scholar . Gharbi M , Darghouth MA , Elati K , Al-Hosary AAT , Ayadi O , Salih DA , El Hussein AM , Mhadhbi M , Khamassi Khbou M , Hassan SM , Obara I , Ahmed LS , Ahmed J . Transbound Emerg Dis . 2020 . Current status of tropical theileriosis in Northern Africa : A review of recent epidemiological investigations and implications for control . Mar ; 67 Suppl 1:8-25 . Doi : 10.1111 / tbed . 13312 . PMID : 32174036 . Jongejan F , Uilenberg G . The global importance of ticks . Parasitology . 2004 . 129 : S3 – 14.10.1017 / s0031182004005967 . [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]. 29 . Randolph SE . Tick ecology : processes and patterns behind the epidemiological risk posed by ixodid ticks as vectors . Parasitology . 2004 . 129 : S37 – 65.10.1017 / s0031182004004925 . [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]. 30 . Van Buskirk J , Ostfeld RS . Controlling Lyme disease by modifying the density and species composition of tick hosts . Ecol Appl . 1995 . 5 ( 4 ): 1133 – 40.10.2307 / 2269360 [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]. 31 . Binod Kumar , Haranahally Vasanthachar Manjunathachar , Srikanta Ghosh . 2020 . A review on Hyalomma species infestations on human and animals and progress on management strategies . Heliyon . PMID : 33319114 . PMCID : PMC7726666 . DOI : 10.1016 / j . heliyon . 2020 . e05675 . 32 . Mohamed Gharbi and Mohamed Aziz Darghouth . 2014 . A review of Hyalomma scupense ( Acari , Ixodidae ) in the Maghreb region : From biology to control . Parasite . DOI : 10.1051 / parasite / 2014002 . 33 . Sébastien Grech-Angelini , Frédéric Stachurski , Renaud Lancelot and Jerome Boissier . 2015 . First report of the tick Hyalomma scupense ( natural vector of bovine tropical theileriosis ) on the French Mediterranean island of Corsica . Veterinary Parasitology . DOI : 10.1016 / j . vetpar . 2015.11.015 . 34 . Viseras J ., Hueli L . E ., Adroher F . J ., García-Fernández P ., ( 1999 ). Studies on the transmission of Theileria annulata to cattle by the tick Hyalomma lusitanicum . J . Vet . Med . Ser . B . 46 , 505 – 509 . 35 . Manilla , G . 1998 . Acari Ixodida . Calderini , Bologna , Italy . 280 pp . Google Scholar .
Vol VII - Nr . 34 ( 2 ) 2022
95